本標準(zhun)(zhun)適用(yong)(yong)于工(gong)業干(gan)(gan)酪(lao)(lao)素(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)驗。1 樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)作(zuo)(zuo)化學(xue)檢(jian)(jian)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)品(pin)(pin),應(ying)作(zuo)(zuo)如(ru)(ru)下(xia)(xia)(xia)處理:所取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)工(gong)業干(gan)(gan)酪(lao)(lao)素(su)(su)樣(yang)品(pin)(pin),經(jing)仔細混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)后(hou),取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)30～50g在(zai)(zai)研(yan)缽搗(dao)碎,并研(yan)成(cheng)粉(fen)末。過0.5mm孔徑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)子,將篩(shai)過的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)(gan)酪(lao)(lao)素(su)(su),貯于帶磨口塞(sai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)璃(li)瓶中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)待檢(jian)(jian).2 檢(jian)(jian)驗方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)2.1 物理檢(jian)(jian)驗2.1.1 色(se)澤勻度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)2.1.1.1 儀器(qi)(qi)(qi)a. 5ml量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)筒(tong)或帶刻度(du)試(shi)管(guan)。b.　白色(se)有光澤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紙一張。c.　針。2.1.1.2　方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)用(yong)(yong)5ml量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)筒(tong)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)1～2ml干(gan)(gan)酪(lao)(lao)素(su)(su)，撒在(zai)(zai)白紙上(shang)(shang)，用(yong)(yong)針把(ba)黃色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或褐(he)色(se)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)其他(ta)色(se)澤不(bu)(bu)(bu)正常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顆(ke)(ke)粒挑選出(chu)來，置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于有刻度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)管(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)筒(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，計(ji)算其毫(hao)升數，以(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(1)計(ji)算出(chu)色(se)澤不(bu)(bu)(bu)正常顆(ke)(ke)粒之(zhi)百分(fen)(fen)(fen)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。 V1色(se)澤不(bu)(bu)(bu)正常的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)顆(ke)(ke)粒含量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(%)=-----------×100 ………………………………………… (1) 　　　　　　 V式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：V-取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)樣(yang)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),ml;　　　V1-所選出(chu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)格(ge)干(gan)(gan)酪(lao)(lao)素(su)(su)粒容量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),ml。2.1.2　顆(ke)(ke)粒大小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)用(yong)(yong)呈筒(tong)仔細混(hun)(hun)勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)10～20ml干(gan)(gan)酪(lao)(lao)素(su)(su)，用(yong)(yong)標準(zhun)(zhun)篩(shai)進行篩(shai)檢(jian)(jian)。2.2　化學(xue)檢(jian)(jian)驗2.2.1　水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)2.2.1.1　儀器(qi)(qi)(qi)：將帶有玻(bo)璃(li)棒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)皿(min)（鋁(lv)皿(min)或玻(bo)璃(li)皿(min)）置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于102～105℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)烘箱中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，烘30min，在(zai)(zai)干(gan)(gan)燥(zao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冷(leng)卻(que)、稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恒重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩次稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)差(cha)不(bu)(bu)(bu)超過2mg。2.2.1.2　方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)在(zai)(zai)已(yi)知恒重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)皿(min)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)2～2.5g樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)（準(zhun)(zhun)確至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)0.2mg），置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于102～105℃烘箱中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)干(gan)(gan)燥(zao)2h，每20min攪拌一次，以(yi)(yi)(yi)加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)干(gan)(gan)燥(zao)速度(du)。取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)出(chu)于干(gan)(gan)燥(zao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冷(leng)卻(que)30min，稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。再(zai)(zai)烘1h，取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)了冷(leng)卻(que)，稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，直到兩次稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)差(cha)不(bu)(bu)(bu)超過2mg。按式(shi)(2)計(ji)算。 W1-W2 水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(%)=-----------------×100 ……… …………………… (2) 　 W1-W3式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：W1-空(kong)皿(min)、玻(bo)璃(li)棒和樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),g;　　　V1-空(kong)皿(min)、玻(bo)璃(li)棒加(jia)(jia)干(gan)(gan)燥(zao)后(hou)樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，g;　　　W3-空(kong)皿(min)、玻(bo)璃(li)棒,g。2.2.2　脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)2.2.2.1　儀器(qi)(qi)(qi)：同(tong)GB 5413-85《乳(ru)(ru)(ru)粉(fen)檢(jian)(jian)驗方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)》2.4.2.1.1。2.2.2.2　試(shi)劑a.　硫酸：比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1.84。b.　異(yi)戊(wu)醇(chun)(chun)：比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)0.8090～0.8115。2.2.2.3　方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)于牛(niu)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)脂(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)注(zhu)入比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)1.82硫酸10ml，然(ran)后(hou)小(xiao)心(xin)地(di)沿壁注(zhu)入8～8.5ml蒸餾水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)3g已(yi)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)(gan)酪(lao)(lao)素(su)(su)（準(zhun)(zhun)確至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)0.01g），倒(dao)入上(shang)(shang)述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)乳(ru)(ru)(ru)脂(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，加(jia)(jia)入1ml異(yi)戊(wu)醇(chun)(chun)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)干(gan)(gan)燥(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)膠塞(sai)塞(sai)住，小(xiao)心(xin)混(hun)(hun)勻，使干(gan)(gan)酪(lao)(lao)素(su)(su)與(yu)硫酸混(hun)(hun)合(he)(he)，但不(bu)(bu)(bu)得將乳(ru)(ru)(ru)脂(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)顛倒(dao)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)免干(gan)(gan)酪(lao)(lao)素(su)(su)顆(ke)(ke)粒掉入乳(ru)(ru)(ru)脂(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)刻度(du)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)，將瓶塞(sai)向上(shang)(shang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于65℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)浴鍋中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，直到干(gan)(gan)酪(lao)(lao)素(su)(su)完全溶解為(wei)止。置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)離(li)心(xin)機中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)離(li)心(xin)因素(su)(su)離(li)心(xin)因素(su)(su)離(li)心(xin)5min，再(zai)(zai)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)浴中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)(jia)熱5min，取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)出(chu)，將乳(ru)(ru)(ru)脂(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)柱下(xia)(xia)(xia)彎月面(mian)放在(zai)(zai)眼睛同(tong)一水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)平面(mian)上(shang)(shang)，觀(guan)察時(shi)(shi)可(ke)移動橡皮(pi)塞(sai)，使彎月面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)(xia)瑞與(yu)某一大格(ge)刻度(du)相(xiang)吻合(he)(he)，讀取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)柱所占的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)格(ge)數。將讀數乘以(yi)(yi)(yi)3.67即得。2.2.3　酸度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)2.2.3.1　儀器(qi)(qi)(qi)a. 250ml三(san)角燒(shao)(shao)瓶。b. 50ml吸管(guan)。c. 25ml滴(di)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)管(guan)。2.2.3.2　試(shi)劑a. 0.1N氫氧化鈉(na)溶液(ye)(ye)。b. 2%酚酞(tai)－乙醇(chun)(chun)溶液(ye)(ye)。2.2.3.3　方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)5g已(yi)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)（準(zhun)(zhun)確至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)10mg）于三(san)角瓶中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，加(jia)(jia)入50ml蒸餾水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，于室溫(wen)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(18～20℃)放置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)4～5h，或加(jia)(jia)熱到45℃并在(zai)(zai)此溫(wen)度(du)下(xia)(xia)(xia)保(bao)持30min，再(zai)(zai)加(jia)(jia)50ml水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，混(hun)(hun)勻后(hou)，通過干(gan)(gan)燥(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濾(lv)紙過濾(lv)。吸取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)濾(lv)液(ye)(ye)50ml，于三(san)角燒(shao)(shao)瓶中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，加(jia)(jia)入5滴(di)2%酚酞(tai)－乙醇(chun)(chun)溶液(ye)(ye)，用(yong)(yong)0.1N的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫氧化鈉(na)溶液(ye)(ye)滴(di)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)微紅色(se)，并在(zai)(zai)1min內不(bu)(bu)(bu)消失為(wei)止。將所消耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)0.1N的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫氧化鈉(na)溶液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)毫(hao)升數乘以(yi)(yi)(yi)40即得干(gan)(gan)酪(lao)(lao)素(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酸度(du)。2.2.4　灰分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)2.2.4.1　儀器(qi)(qi)(qi)a. 25ml瓷(ci)坩堝(guo)(guo)(guo)。b.　高溫(wen)爐(lu)(lu)。2.2.4.2　方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)瓷(ci)坩堝(guo)(guo)(guo)，置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高溫(wen)爐(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，在(zai)(zai)650℃下(xia)(xia)(xia)灼(zhuo)(zhuo)燒(shao)(shao)半(ban)(ban)小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，冷(leng)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)200℃以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)出(chu)于干(gan)(gan)燥(zao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冷(leng)卻(que)半(ban)(ban)小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，精密稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)已(yi)準(zhun)(zhun)備(bei)之(zhi)干(gan)(gan)酪(lao)(lao)素(su)(su)樣(yang)1～1.5g（準(zhun)(zhun)確至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)0.2mg）于電爐(lu)(lu)上(shang)(shang)，微火加(jia)(jia)熱使樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)充分(fen)(fen)(fen)炭化至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)無煙，然(ran)后(hou)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高溫(wen)爐(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)經(jing)550℃燒(shao)(shao)灼(zhuo)(zhuo)成(cheng)白色(se)灰分(fen)(fen)(fen)，冷(leng)卻(que)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)200℃以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)后(hou)，取(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)出(chu)，放入干(gan)(gan)燥(zao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冷(leng)卻(que)半(ban)(ban)小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，再(zai)(zai)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)復燒(shao)(shao)灼(zhuo)(zhuo)30min，稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)后(hou)兩次相(xiang)差(cha)不(bu)(bu)(bu)超過2mg，即為(wei)恒重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。2.2.4.3　計(ji)算 W1-W2 灰分(fen)(fen)(fen)(%)=----------------×100 ……………… …………… (3) W式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：W1-坩堝(guo)(guo)(guo)和灰分(fen)(fen)(fen)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),g;　　　W2-坩堝(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang),g;　　　W-樣(yang)品(pin)(pin)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),g。注(zhu)：①灼(zhuo)(zhuo)燒(shao)(shao)溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)能(neng)低于600℃。　　②第(di)一次灼(zhuo)(zhuo)燒(shao)(shao)后(hou)，如(ru)(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間仍有炭粒，可(ke)加(jia)(jia)少許水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)使已(yi)炭化物質(zhi)溶液(ye)(ye)，而(er)未灰化物質(zhi)露出(chu)表(biao)面(mian)，蒸干(gan)(gan)后(hou)再(zai)(zai)燒(shao)(shao)灼(zhuo)(zhuo)。　　③炭化時(shi)(shi)若發生膨脹，可(ke)滴(di)加(jia)(jia)橄(gan)欖油數滴(di)。

作者(zhe)：佚名　　來源：互(hu)聯(lian)網

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